Today we will see how to make project on '
1 Introduction
2 Description of Human Cancer Cells
3 Difference between healthy and cancer cells
4 Cancer cell division
5 Causes of Cancer
6 Cancer types- Symptoms, Prevention
7 Cancer Treatment
8 Acknowledgement
9 Bibliography
Introduction
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cellgrowth with the potential to invade or spread to other
parts of the body.
Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not
spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and
symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged
cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel
movements. While these symptoms may indicate
cancer, they may have other causes.
Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
These diseases are characterized by a cellular
malfunction. Healthy cells are programmed to ‘know
what to do and when to do it’. Cancerous cells do not
have this programming and therefore replicate and
grow out of control.
Cancerous cells in together are called Neoplasm.
HUMAN CANCER CELLS
Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells. Cancer cells have distinguishing histological features visible under the microscope. The nucleus is often large and irregular, and the cytoplasm may also display abnormalities.
The shape, size, protein composition, and texture of the nucleus are often altered in malignant cells. The nucleus may acquire grooves, folds or indentations, chromatin may aggregate or disperse, and the nucleolus can become enlarged.
Different combinations of abnormalities are characteristic of different cancer types, to the extent that nuclear appearance can be used as a marker in cancer diagnostics and staging.
Cancer cell multiplication
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Normal AND CANCER CELLS
Morphological DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Normal AND CANCER CELLS
CANCER CELL DIVISION
Cell division is a normal process used by the body for growth and repair. A parent cell divides to form two
daughter cells, and these daughter cells are used to build new tissue, or to replace cells that have died as a result of ageing or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing when there is no longer a need for more daughter cells,but cancer cells continue to produce copies.
Cancer Development
Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutations in genes can cause cancer by accelerating cell division rates or inhibiting normal controls on the system, such as cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. As a mass of cancerous cells grows, it can develop into a tumor.
Tumor formation
Four basic stages of cancer
Differentiating between normal cell division and cancer cell division
Causes of CANCER
♦️ Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths.
♦️ Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and excessive drinking of alcohol.
♦️ Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants.
♦️ In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus (HPV).
♦️ Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to inherited
genetic defects from a person's parents.These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops.
Types of cancer and symptoms
Most Common types of Cancer:
♦️ Lung Cancer
A cancer that begins in the lungs and most often occurs in
people who smoke.
Symptoms- Cough (often with blood), Chest pain,
Wheezing and weight loss.
Prevention- Avoid smoking and carcinogens at work, Eat diet full of fruits and vegetables,Exercise most days of the week.
♦️ Breast Cancer
A cancer that forms in the cells of breasts.
Symptoms- Bloody nipple discharge, discomfort,inverted nipple, lump formation near breasts.
Prevention- Keep weight in check and be physically fit.
Avoid alcohol and smoking.
Avoid birth control pills and regular screening.Avoid post-menopausal hormones.
♦️Prostate Cancer
A cancer in a man's prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland
that produces seminal fluid.
Symptoms- Urinary problems, Blood in the urine and
semen. Pain in the hips, pelvis, spine or upper leg. Pain or discomfort during ejaculation.
Prevention- Enough exercise. Maintaining a healthy and a
Balanced diet. Ensuring regular ejaculation.Having green tea regularly.
♦️ Throat Cancer
Throat cancer refers to cancer of the voice box, the vocal
cords, and other parts of the throat, such as the tonsils
and oropharynx.
Symptoms: Respiratory symptoms like coughing,Blood wheezing, or shortness of breath, weight loss, weakness, fever, a change in voice, Chest pain, ear pain, hoarseness swollen lymph nodes in the neck, difficulty in swallowing.
Prevention: Don’t smoke, check for radon at home, regular
exercise; eat variety of fruits and vegetables,limit the intake of alcohol, have a cup of green tea.
CANCER TREATMENT
Cancer can be treated in the following ways:
Surgery, when used to treat cancer, is a procedure in which
a surgeon removes cancer from the patient’s body.
It is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of
radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
It is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill
cancer cells.
It is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune
system fight cancer.
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my thanks of gratitude to ourPrincipal Mr.Arokia Raj sir for giving me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
“Cancer Biology” which has helped me in doing a lot of
research.
I would extend my heartiest thanks to my Biology teacher Mrs. Praneetha Dugar ma’am for providing me with all the support I required at all times.
I would like to gratefully thank my parents for providing me with all the facilities and a favourable environment at home.
I would also thank my friends who have given me support and helped me in finalizing the project in the given time frame.
THANK YOU
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 www.google.com2 www.canceresearchuk.org
3 www.thoughtco.com
4 www.bing.com
5 www.healthtap.com
6 www.mayoclinic.org
7 www.About.com
8 www.dogpile.com
9 www.Cancer.Net
10 www.Cancer.gov
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