Today we will see how to make project on 'Project on rate of evaporation of different liquids for class 12th' this project is only for class 12th student and this project is belongs to 'solutions' in this project we will cover following steps
1. Theory Involved
2. Uses of solutions
3. Experiment
a. Materials required
b. Procedure
c. Observation table
d. Conclusions
f. Result
4. Bibliography
Theory Involved
1 rate of evaporation
A liquid’s surface area and temperature affect its rate of
evaporation. Evaporation rate also depends upon the
type of liquids, since liquids are made up of different
molecules and differ in the amount of abstraction that
exists between the molecules
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RATE OF EVAPORATION
➢ Temperature:
It is also affected by temperature. As the temperature of air is increased, its capacity to hold moisture also increases.
Any increase in air temperature raises the temperature of
liquid at the evaporation source which means that more
energy is available to the liquid molecules for escaping from
liquid to a gaseous state. Hence evaporation is directly
proportional to the temperature of evaporating surface.
Warmer the evaporating surface, higher the rate of
evaporation.
➢Air-pressure:
Evaporation is also affected by the atmospheric pressure
exerted on the evaporating surface. Lower pressure on open
surface of the liquid results in the higher rate of evaporation
➢ Relative humidity:
The rate of evaporation is closely related with the relative
humidity of air. Since the moisture holding capacity of air at a given temperature is limited, drier air evaporates more liquid than moist air. In other words, higher the vapour pressure, lower the rate of evaporation. It is a common experience that evaporation is greater in summer and at mid-day than in winter and at night.
surface area and temperature
Because molecules or atoms evaporates from a liquid’s
surface area allows more molecules or atoms to leave the
liquid, and evaporation occurs more quickly. For example same amount of water will evaporate faster if spilled on a
table than it is left in the cup. Higher temperature also
increases the rate of evaporation. At higher temperature
molecules or atoms have a higher average speed. And
more particles are able to break free on liquid’s surface.
Intermolecular Forces
Most liquids are made up of mutual attraction among
different molecules help explain why some liquids evaporates faster than others. Attractions between molecules arise because molecules typically have regions that carry a slight positive charge. These regions of electric charges are created because some tons in a molecule are often more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms. Intermolecular attractions affect the rate of evaporation of a liquid because strong intermolecular attraction hold the molecules in a liquid more tightly. As a result ,liquids with strong intermolecular attractions evaporate more slowly than those with strong intermolecular forces this is the
reason why gasoline evaporates faster than water. The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid state the more energy that must be input in order to evaporate them.
PROPERTIES
ACETALDEHYDE
PROPERTIES
ACETONE
PROPERTIES
WATER
PROPERTIES
USES OF SOLUTIONS
1 USES OF ACETONE
An important industrial use of acetone involves its reaction
with phenol for the manufacture of Bishenol A. Bishenol A
is an important component of many polymers such as Polycarbonates, polyurethanes and epoxy resins. Acetone is
also used extensively for the safe transporting and storing
of acetylene. Vessels containing a porous material are first
filled with acetone followed by acetylene, which dissolve into acetone.One litres of acetone can dissolve around 250 liters of acetylene. Acetone is often the primary component in nail polish remover. Acetonitrile,an organic solvent ,is used as well ,Acetone is also used as a superglue remover. It can be used for thinning and cleaning fiberglass resins and epoxies . It is a strong solvent for most plastics and synthetic fibers. Acetone can also dissolve many plastics, including those used in consumer targeted Nalgene bottles. Acetone is also used as a drying Nalgene bottles. Acetone is also used as a drying agent, due to the readiness with which it binds to water, and its volatility. Acetone can also be used on hair. It can be used a rinse before shampooing to remove build up, Oil and hard water minerals.
USES OF WATER
From biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that
ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water.Water is vital both as a solvent in many ways and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun’s energy to split off water’s hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is then combined with CO2 in the process. Water is also central to acid base neutrality and enzyme function.
USES OF ACETALDEHYDE
It is flammable liquid with a fruity smell. Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in ripe fruit, coffee and fresh bread and is produced by plants as a part of their normal metabolism. It is popularity known as the chemical that causes hangovers.
In the chemical industry, acetaldehyde is used as an intermediate in the production of acetic acid, certain esters and a number of other chemicals.
In the liver, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol into acetaldehyde, which is then further converted into acetic acid by alcohol dehydrogenase .The last step of alcohol fermentation in bacteria ,plants and yeast involve the conversion of pyruvate into acetaldehyde by enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase, followed by the conversion of
acetaldehyde into ethanol. The latter reaction is again catalyzed by an alcohol dehyrogenase,now operating the opposite direction.
USES OF ETHANOL
The largest single use of ethanol is an a motor fuel and fuel additive. Ethanol may also be utilized as a rocket fuel and is currently used in lightweight rocket powered racing aircraft. Ethanol combustion in an internal combustion engine yields many of the products of incomplete combustion produces by gasoline and significantly larger amounts of formaldehyde and related species such as
acetaldehyde. Ethanol fuels flue-less, real flame fireplaces. Ethanol is kept in a burner containing a wick such as glass
wool, a safety shield to reduce the chances of accidents and an extinguisher such as a plate or shutter to cut off oxygen . It provides almost the same visual benefits of a real flame log or coal fire without the need to vent the fumes via a flue as ethanol produces very little hazardous carbon monoxide and a little or no noticeable scent . It does emit carbon dioxide and requires oxygen. Therefore,external ventilation of the room containing the fire is needed to ensure safe operation .Ethanol is an important industrial ingredient and has widespread use as a base chemical for other organic compounds . These include ethyl halides, ethyl esters
and butadiene.
Experiment
AIM ; TO ANALYZE SAMPLE OF DIFFERENT LIQUID
PROCEDURE
1 KEEPING THE TEMPERATURE SAME
i. Take three beakers of equal volume and lable them as A,B ,C D .Pour 10ml of each liquid in these beaker.
ii. Find their respective masses using (density=mass/
volume)
iii. Keep the beakers at similar conditions for 30mins after recording their masses.
iv. After half an hour note the masses of these beakers and calculate the loss in mass of them.
2 BEAKERS OF DIFFERENT SURFACE AREA
Put 10ml of different liquids in beakers of different surface areas.
3 HEATING THE BEAKERS
Heat the beakers to different temperatures and note their volumes.
OBSERVATION
Density of water = 1 g/cc
Density of acetone = 0.791 g/cc
Density of acetaldehyde = 0.78 g/cc
Density of ethanol = 0.789 g/cc
Now as we have taken 10ml of all substances , therefore
their respective masses will be:
Mass of 10ml water = 10gm
Mass of 10ml acetone = 7.9gm
Mass of 10ml acetaldehyde = 7.8gm
Mass of 10ml ethanol = 7.79 gm
After keeping the beakers at room temperature for half
an hour we find the remaining masses to be:
Mass of remaining water = 9.9 gm
Mass of remaining acetone = 7.5gm
Mass of remaining acetaldehyde = 7.4gm
Mass of remaining ethanol = 7.6 gm
OBSERVATION TABLE
Variation of volume liquids evaporate in different surface area.
Variation of rate of evaporation of liquids at different temperatures.
CONCLUSION
✓From the observation we conclude that loss in mass is directly proportional to the rate of evaporation i.e. higher is the loss in mass higher is the rate of evaporation.
✓From the observation it is clearly seen that, rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the surface area i.e. more the surface area more is the rate of evaporation.
✓The rate of evaporation also depends upon the temperature , more is the energy of the molecules ,more is the rate of evaporation.
✓More is the density, less will be the rate of evaporation.
RESULTS
This experiment clearly establishes the relation between the rate of evaporation of different liquids and the factors on which it depends
Bibliography
1 https://www.icbse.com
2 https://www.chemistry.org
3 https://www.en.wikipedia.org
4 Class 12 Chemistry Lab Manual
5 Class 12 NCERT Textbook.
6 Survey of India etc.
1 Comments
Thanks man
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