Today we will see how to make project on ' Project on drugs for class 12th ' this project is only for class 12th student and this project is belongs to 'chemistry' in this project we will cover following steps
⏵Introduction
⏵Classification of
drugs
⏵Structure of some
mentioned drugs
⏵Combination of
drugs and alcohols
⏵How drug addiction
begins
⏵Social disease-
smoking, drinking, drugs and alcohols
⏵Tobacco
⏵Other harmful
components of tobacco smoke
⏵ Alcohol
⏵References
Introduction
WHAT IS DRUG?
Any substance,
other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, all aviation or treatment
of a disease is called a drug. A drug may also be defined as a chemical which,
when taken in some way after the body function. Drug is also known as a
medicine. Generally, the term drugs applied to any stimulating or depressing
substance that can be habituating or addictive
Meaning
of addiction
Addiction
is the habitual, psychological and physiological dependence on a substance or
practice. Which is beyond voluntary control? A person who is habituated to a
substance or a practice, especially a harmful one, is called an addict.
Drug dependence
Drugs
are prescribed by physicians for the prevention or treatment of diseases, or
for increasing the physical and mental performance and are withdrawn as soon as
the desired effect is achieved. Repeated use of certain drugs on a periodic or
continuous basis may make the body dependence. Such drugs are called
psychotropic drugs. They act on the brain and alter behavior , consciousness
and capacity of perception. Hence, they are also termed mood-altering drugs.
Some people start taking drugs without medical advice due to one reason or the
other and become drugs dependent.
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
TYPE
OF DRUGS
|
EXAMPLES
|
EFFECTS
|
1. Sedatives and
Tranquillizers
|
Barbiturates,
Benzodiazepines
|
Depress CNS
activity give feeling of calmness,
relaxation, drowsiness.
|
2. Opiate
Narcotics
|
Opium, morphine,
codeine, heroin
|
Suppress brain
activity, relaxed pain.
|
3.Stimulants
|
Amphetamines,
Caffeine, cocaine
|
Make a person
more wakeful,
alert and active,
cause excitement
|
4.Hallucinogens
|
LSQ, Mescaline,
psilocybin, Ganja,
chares, Hashish
|
Alter thoughts,
feeling and
perceptions.
|
Structures of some Mentioned drugs
1. Sedatives and Tranquillizers
Barbiturates
Bbenzodiazepines
2. Opiate Narcotics:-
MORPHINECODEINE
HEROIN 3
3. Stimulants :-
COCAINE
4.Hallucinogens:-
MESCALIN PSILOCYBIN
Combination of drugs and alcohols
Some
addicts use mixtures of drugs to have immediate ‘kid’ or ‘charge’. Simultaneous
use of drug and alcohol may produce dangerous effects, including death. When
barbiturates and alcohol are taken together, each doubles the effect of the
other. A mixture of cocaine and heroin called speed ball, gives spontaneous
kick of cocaine and prolonged pleasure of heroin.
Combination
|
Effect
|
1. Alcohol +
Barbiturates.
|
Markedly increased
depressant effect.
|
2. Alcohol +
Antihistamines.
|
Marked drowsiness.
|
3. Alcohol + Valium.
|
Dramatically increases
sedative effect.
|
4. Alcohol + Marijuana
or
Hashish.
|
Decreased coordination
increased reaction time
impaired judgment
|
5. Alcohol + Aspirin.
|
Increased changes of
damage
to gastric mucosa.
|
How drug addiction Begins??
There
are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.
1. Curiosity: Frequent
references to drugs by public media create curiosity for having a personal
experience of the drugs.
2. Friend’s pressure: Frequent appreciation of drug experience by friends
allures others to start the use of drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression: Some
people start taking drugs to get relief from frustration and depression.
4. Desire for More Work: Students sometimes take drugs
to keep awake the whole night to prepare for examination. It is not desirable
as it may cause mental breakdown.
5. looking for a Different World: A wrong
notion that the drugs open up a new world tempts some young octets to start
taking-drugs.
6. Relief from Pain: A prolonged use of
pain-relieving drugs with physician’s advice at times leads to addiction.
7. Family History: Children may take to drugs by
seeing their elders in the family.
8. Excitement and Adventure: The
young take to drugs to satisfy their instinct for excitement and adventure.
Social disease smoking, drinking and use
of drugs
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or
regularly are social diseases. They adversely affect the health of the addicts
and the society. Young people take to these habits for fun, show off or
curiosity, as an adventure or feeling of freedom, or as a gesture of defiance
against the elders who themselves indulge in these activities but check the
youngsters. Other factors that make people take to these vices are inability to
face problems of life indifference shown by members of the family, and
encouragement or pressure by friends. Temporary escape from the life problems
and mental relaxation felt on taking the drugs in the beginning increase
person’s interest in them. Soon they become habitual and find in difficult to
leave. The daily dose to get the desired effect increases with time.
As in other countries, the menace of drug addiction is
spreading in India also. A large number of our young men and women have taken
to intoxicants. About 87.6 per cent drug addicts are between the ages of 14 and
25 years.
Tobacco Sources
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red Indian first
started smoking. Now the tobacco plant has spread the world over. It has large,
quote to Lancelot leaves and terminal clusters of tubular, white or pink
flowers.
Modes of Use:
Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and snuffing. Its main
stimulating component is poisonous volatile alkali nicotine, which causes
addiction. Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots of the plant but it is stored
in the leaves. The leaves contain 2 to 8% nicotine. Inhaling tobacco smoke from
cigars, cigarettes, biddies, pipes and hubble-bubble is called smoking. Cigar
is a roll of tobacco leaf. Cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in paper. Bidi is
tobacco wrapped. In a piece of leaf . Tobacco smoke is drawn directly from pipe
and through water is hubble-bubble. Smoking may give some temporary relief to
the strained nerves but in the long run it proves a dangerous health hazard.
The quantity of nicotine contained in one cigar may prove fatal if injected
intravenously into a person. When smoked only 10% of the smoke is inhaled.
Hence, no immediate
ill effect is observed. Smokers may develop a physiological
craving for nicotine and then they cannot give up smoking.
Effect of
Nicotine:
Nicotine is a low concentration.
(i)
Stimulates
conduction of nerve impulses.
(ii)
Relaxes the
muscles.
(iii)
Releases
adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate
and pressure.
(iv)
Increased
blood pressure due to smoking chances
the risk of heart diseases.
(v)
Retards
foetal growth in expecting mothers
(vi)
Causes
tobacco addiction. High concentration of nicotine paralyses nerve cells.
Other Harmful components of Tobacco Smoke
Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains
carbon-monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tar.
Other Effects:
(i) Smoking effects economy:
A smoker not only waste money, but also runs risk of burns
and fires.
(ii) Smoking mars personality :
Teeth may become stained. Lips may get discoloured and
breath becomes foul. A person with a cigarette hanging from the mouth look odd.
(iii) Smoking is annoying to others : Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to
non-smokers. It may prove even more harmful to them. A smoker should avoid
smoking .When in the company of nonsmokers. A smoker makes the person nearby
person’s .passive smokers through inhaling smoke released by him.
Alcohol Sources
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colorless liquid having
a penetrating odor and burning taste. It is one of the products of the
distillation of fermented grains, fruit juices and starches with the help of
yeast enzymes. It is the principal constituent and the in toxicating principle
of wines.
Modes of Use
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy
and wine and in relatively high concentration as arrack, brandy, whisky, rum,
gin, vodka etc.
Addition
Addition to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholics are
found in all society section of society. Alcohol causes intoxication and thus,
acts as a poison. They drinkers begin with small doses, but may of them soon start
consuming large doses and become addicts. By the time they realize that
drinking in adversely affecting them, it is too late to give it up.
Why People Take to Drinking
The drinkers offer one or more of the following reasons for starting
drinking.(i) Social pressure (ii) desire for excitement (iii) feeling of
independence (iv) Liking of taste (v) desire to escape from such realities of
life as disappointments and failures and (vi) desire to offset the hardships
and monotony of daily life.
What Happens when Alcohol gets in stomach
Alcohol is quickly absorbed in the stomach and upper part of
small intestine and reaches all the tissues in minutes. Itsoxidation starts at
once and a large amount of heat in produced. Since heat is not needed in the
body, it is taken up by the blood and carried to the skin for dissipation.
Since the receptors of heat are located in the skin, the rush of blood to the
skin gives a false impression of warmth in the body. The blood supply of
internal organs is greatly reduced resulting in fall of temperature in them. Energy
released by alcohol is not used in any life process. Rather the energy derived
from food is used up in ridding the body of excess heat.
REFERENCES
1) NCERT
textbook class 12
2. www.wikkipidia.com
3. www.icbse.com
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